Early adversity, such as exposure to maternal depression or to stressful life events, often precedes childhood emotional disorders, which in turn are frequently followed by major depression and anxiety disorders in adulthood. However, it is a common observation that individuals vary in their sensitivity to adversity. One explanation for this is innate variation in vulnerability (or conversely resilience), arises from the effects of alleles that have been transmitted to the child. The child’s genotype may exert effects by, shaping environmental exposures themselves (gene–environment covariance) or, variation in response to the environment (gene–environment interactions). In fact both processes may operate. Twin studies of depression in adolescents have found that genetic variation not only correlates with environmental mediators of depression such as life events but also interacts with them to increase the risk of depression…
Emotional Symptoms in Children: The Effect of Maternal Depression, Life Events, and COMT Genotype
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